Luban: “A serious flaw in the training of officers is the philosophy that the degree of force called for is the “amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject.” Police may end up using more severe or damaging force than warranted by the nature of the crime suspected or the type of noncompliance. After George Floyd complained of claustrophobia when the officers forced him into the police car, the officers dragged him out of the car and pressed him facedown onto the street. Three officers kneeled to apply pressure on Mr. Floyd’s airway and chest. When Mr. Floyd cried out, another officer taunted him, saying, “Get up. Get in the car.” The officers’ continued pressure on his neck and back prevented him from getting up.”

Tyler: “Certain recommendations have been championed by reformers for years. Top of the list: giving real power to independent bodies to investigate citizen complaints against police officers and take meaningful action against charged officers including public disclosure and sanctions up to removal and referral for prosecution.”