It has been said that the former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani has nine lives. You could argue that his latest one began last November, when Donald Trump pardoned dozens of people accused of conspiring to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election; they included Giuliani, as well as Trump’s former chief of staff Mark Meadows and the lawyer John Eastman, who advised Trump’s 2020 campaign. While largely symbolic (no one on the list was facing federal charges), these pardons provoked popular outcry—as have nearly all those issued by Trump during his second term.