Mark Lemley and Michael Carrier’s influential antitrust paper, “Rule or Reason? The Role of Balancing in Antitrust Law”, makes a powerful case that courts have neglected the final step of antitrust analysis: weighing real-world harms against supposed benefits. Their message is clear: lawsuits should not be tossed out early just because plaintiffs can’t show every detail up front. Plaintiffs deserve a fair shot—as long as their claims are grounded in protecting consumers, transparency, and competition.