William B. Gould IV, a law professor at Stanford University, said the companies have done a good job of persuading drivers that Prop. 22 is good for them. “The companies have convinced the drivers that their business model is the only way that the driver is going to have flexibility. Well, that’s nonsense.”

And a deterrent to any real change, he said.

“We’re kind of coming around a circle here,” he said. “I think that, basically, until we get out of this independent contractor framework, we’re not going to be able to treat these workers as employees.”