The United States Department of Justice has a number of international criminal law statutes at its disposal, but rape is not listed as a punishable offense under any of the existing statutes. This group project generated a number of different outputs aimed at improving the ability of the United States to prosecute non-nationals accused of committing rape abroad. This component of the project presents interdisciplinary research on the physical and psychological sequelae of rape and other forms of sexual violence in order to identify theories for satisfying the element of torture requiring proof of the commission of severe pain and suffering in order to satisfy the torture statute’s specific intent requirement.