When human research subjects are mistreated or abused, it is rare for anyone to blow the whistle. In many research scandals, doctors and other staff members remain silent for years while unwitting research subjects are deceived, exploited, or even killed. In the rare cases where someone speaks out, the act often leaves deep scars that mark the whistleblower for the rest of their life. Drawing interviews with whistleblowers in six notorious research scandals, Carl Elliott (a professor in the Dept of Philosophy at the University of Minnesota), in his book, The Occasional Human Sacrifice: Medical Experimentation and the Price of Saying No, explores the moral and psychological costs of saying no.