Preventative Policing, Deterrents

A. Predictive and Enhanced Policing

• Randomized Controlled Field Trials of Predictive Policing
  Mohler, G. O., Short, M. B., Malinowski, S., Johnson, M., Tita, G. E., Bertozzi, A. L., & Brantingham, P. J. (2015). Journal of the American statistical association, 110(512), 1399-1411. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01621459.2015.1077710
• Policing the Future
  Greengard, S. (2012). Communications of the ACM, 55(3), 19-21. Retrieved from http://www.math.ucla.edu/~bertozzi/papers/Policing-ACM.pdf

B. Analyzing Police Conduct

• Body Cameras, Big Data, and Police Accountability
  Fan, M. D. (2018). Body Cameras, Big Data, and Police Accountability. Law & Social Inquiry, 43(4), 1236-1256.  Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/lsi.12354
• Computer Vision and Machine Learning for Human Rights Video Analysis: Case Studies, Possibilities, Concerns, and Limitations.  Aronson, J. D. (2018). Computer Vision and Machine Learning for Human Rights Video Analysis: Case Studies, Possibilities, Concerns, and Limitations. Law & Social Inquiry, 43(4), 1188-1209.  Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/lsi.12353
• Can we trust computer with body-cam video? Police departments are being led to believe AI will help, but they should be wary.  Greene, D., & Patterson, G. (2018). Can we trust computer with body-cam video? Police departments are being led to believe AI will help, but they should be wary. IEEE Spectrum, 55(12), 36-48. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8544982

C. Bias and Inaccuracy

• Dirty Data, Bad Predictions: How Civil Rights Violations Impact Police Data, Predictive Policing Systems, and Justice.
  Richardson, R., Schultz, J., & Crawford, K. (2019).  New York University Law Review Online, Forthcoming.  Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3333423&download=yes
• Disparate impact in big data policing.
  Selbst, A. D. (2017). Disparate impact in big data policing. Ga. L. Rev., 52, 109.  Retrieved from https://heinonline.org/HOL/Pagehandle=hein.journals/geolr52&div=8&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals
• Police across the US are training crime-predicting AIs on falsified data.  Hao, K. (2019). Police across the US are training crime-predicting AIs on falsified data.  MIT Technology Review.  Retrieved from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612957/predictive-policing-algorithms-ai-crime-dirty-data/

Judicial Decision-Making: Sentencing & Parole

A. Overview

• Regulating by Robot: Administrative Decision Making in the Machine-Learning Era. Coglianese, C., & Lehr, D. (2016). Regulating by robot: Administrative decision making in the machine-learning era. Geo. LJ, 105, 1147. Retrieved from https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2736&context=faculty_scholarship
• Northpointe’s Defense – Demonstrating Accuracy Equity and Predictive Parity. (Answering ProPublica’s Report) Dieterich, W., Mendoza, C., & Brennan, T. (2016). COMPAS risk scales: Demonstrating accuracy equity and predictive parity. Northpoint Inc. Retrieved from http://go.volarisgroup.com/rs/430- MBX-989/images/ProPublica_Commentary_Final_070616.pdf

B. Bias Concerns

• Limitations of Mitigating Judicial Bias with Machine Learning.  Lum. K., (2017) Limitations of Mitigating Judicial Bias with Machine Learning.  Nature Human Behavior. Article No. 0141.  Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0141
• Machine Bias by ProPublica.
  Angwin, J., Larson, J., Mattu, S., & Kirchner, L. (2016). Machine bias. ProPublica, May, 23. Retrieved from https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing
• Fair, Transparent, and Accountable Algorithmic Decision-making Processes.
  Lepri, B., Oliver, N., Letouzé, E., Pentland, A., & Vinck, P. (2018). Fair, transparent, and accountable algorithmic decision-making processes. Philosophy & Technology, 31(4), 611-627.  Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13347-017-0279-x
• Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness
  Corbett-Davies, S., Pierson, E., Feller, A., Goel, S., & Huq, A. (2017, August). Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (pp. 797-806). ACM.  Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.08230.pdf

• Inherent Trade-offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores
  Kleinberg, J., Mullainathan, S., & Raghavan, M. (2017). Inherent trade-offs in the fair determination of risk scores. In Proceedings of the 8th innovations in theoretical computer science conference. New York: ACM. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.05807.pdf

C. Legal & Constitutional Concerns

• Does the Use of Risk Assessments in Sentences Respect the Right to Due Process? A Critical Analysis of the Wisconsin v. Loomis Ruling
  Beriain, I. D. M. (2018). Does the use of risk assessments in sentences respect the right to due process? A critical analysis of the Wisconsin v. Loomis ruling. Law, Probability and Risk, 17(1), 45-53. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/lpr/articleabstract/17/1/45/4877957

D. Public Policy Concerns

• The Need for Transparency in the Age of Predictive Sentencing Algorithms
  Carlson, A. M. (2017). The Need for Transparency in the Age of Predictive Sentencing Algorithms. Iowa L. Rev., 103, 303.  Retrieved from https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/ilr103&section=11

Censorship, Free Speech Theory, Freedom of the Press

A. Free Speech Doctrine and Regulation

• Robotica: Speech Rights and Artificial Intelligence
  Collins, R. K. L., & Skover, D. M. (2018). Robotica: Speech Rights and Artificial Intelligence. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12489504
• Machine Speech
  Wu, Tim. (2013). Machine speech. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 161(6), 1495-1534. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol161/iss6/2/
• Robotic Speech and the First Amendment
  Silverman, G.; Johnson, B. E.; Norton, H.; Skover, D. (2018). Panel 1: Robotic speech and the first amendment. Seattle University Law Review, 41(4), 1075-1100. https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2547&context=sulr
• Free Speech in the Algorithmic Society
  Balkin, J. M. (2018). Free speech in the algorithmic society: Big data, private governance, and new school speech regulation. U.C. Davis Law Review, 51(3),1149-1210. https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/51/3/Essays/51-3_Balkin.pdf
• Toward a Discursive Marketplace of Ideas
  Jared Schroeder (2018) Toward a discursive marketplace of ideas: Reimagining the marketplace metaphor in the era of social media, fake news, and artificial intelligence, First Amendment Studies, 52:1-2, 38-60, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21689725.2018.1460215
• Algorithms and Speech
  Benjamin, S. (2013). Algorithms and speech. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 161(6), 1445-1494. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1020&context=penn_law_review

B. Freedom of Press and Media

• The Press Clause and Digital Technology’s Fourth Wave
  Schroeder, J. (2018). The press clause and digital technology’s fourth wave : media law and the symbiotic web. New York ; London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. https://www.amazon.com/Press-Clause-Digital-Technologys-Fourth/dp/1138281174
• Search King v. Google Technology, Inc.
  Search King, Inc. v. Google Technology, Inc., Case No. CIV-02-1457-M (W.D. Okla. May. 27, 2003) https://casetext.com/case/search-king-inc-v-google-technology
• Data Journalism and the Law
  Cjr. “Data Journalism and the Law.” Columbia Journalism Review, www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/data-journalism-and-the-law.php.
• The Robotic Reporter
  Matt Carlson (2015) The Robotic Reporter, Digital Journalism, 3:3, 416-431 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/
  

Legal Definition of AI Speech, Assignment of Rights

A. Characterization of AI-Powered Speech Entities

• You Might Be a Robot
  Casey, Bryan and Lemley, Mark A., You Might Be a Robot (February 1, 2019). Cornell Law Review, 2019. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3327602
• Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems
  Scherer, M. U. (2016). Regulating artificial intelligence systems: Risks, challenges, competencies, and strategies. Harvard Journal of Law Technology, 29(2), 353-400. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2609777
• Servers and Waiters: What Matters in the Law of AI
  Cofone, I. N. (2018). Servers and waiters: What matters in the law of a. i. Stanford Technology Law Review, 21(2), 167-197. https://law.stanford.edu/publications/servers-and-waiters-what-matters-in-the-law-of-a-i/
• The Status of Autonomous Software Agents in Private Law
  Teubner, Gunther, Digital Personhood? The Status of Autonomous Software Agents in Private Law (May 11, 2018). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3177096

B. Assignment of Free Speech Rights

• Siri-ously? Free Speech Rights and Artificial Intelligence
  Massaro, T. M.; Norton, H. (2016). Siri-ously? Free Speech Rights and Artificial Intelligence. Northwestern University Law Review, 110(5), 1169-1194. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol110/iss5/6/
• Siri-ously 2.0: What Artificial Intelligence Reveals about the First Amendment
  Massaro, T. M.; Norton, H.; Kaminski, M. E. (2017). Siri-ously 2.0: What artificial intelligence reveals about the first amendment. Minnesota Law Review, 101(6), 2481-2526. http://www.minnesotalawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/MassaroNortonKaminski.pdf
• Robotic Speakers and Human Listeners
  Norton, H. (2018). Robotic speakers and human listeners. Seattle University Law Review, 41(4), 1145-1152. https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2300&context=articles

• Should the First Amendment Protect Speech Generated by Algorithms?
  Margot Kaminski, From Google to Tolstoy Bot: Should the First Amendment Protect Speech Generated by Algorithms?, JOTWELL (September 2, 2014). https://cyber.jotwell.com/from-google-to-tolstoy-bot-should-the-first-amendment-protect-speech-generated-by-algorithms/.

Legal Personhood and Regulation

A. Legal Personhood 

• Computing Machinery and Intelligence
  A. M. Turing (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind 49: 433-460. https://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/471/papers/turing.pdf
• Legal Personhood for Artificial Intelligences
  Lawrence B. Solum, Legal Personhood for Artificial Intelligences, 70 N.C. L. Rev. 1231 (1992). http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr/vol70/iss4/4
• Legal Personhood: Animals, Artificial Intelligence and the Unborn
  Zibner, J. (2018). Legal personhood: Animals, artificial intelligence and the unborn. Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology, 12(1), 81-89. https://journals.muni.cz/mujlt/article/viewFile/9388/8896
• Do Androids Dream: Personhood and Intelligent Artifacts
  Hubbard, F. (2011). Do androids dream: Personhood and intelligent artifacts. Temple Law Review, 83(2), 405-474. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5455/6cf31369a0885066d1ef8e52060906bd6c1c.pdf
• Open Letter To The European Commission on Artificial Intelligence And Robotics
  https://g8fip1kplyr33r3krz5b97d1-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/RoboticsOpenLetter.pdf

B. Regulating AI Entities

• You Might Be a Robot
  Casey, Bryan and Lemley, Mark A., You Might Be a Robot (February 1, 2019). Cornell Law Review, 2019. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3327602
• Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems
  Scherer, M. U. (2016). Regulating artificial intelligence systems: Risks, challenges, competencies, and strategies. Harvard Journal of Law Technology, 29(2), 353-400.  https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2609777
• The Implications of Modern Business–Entity Law for the Regulation of Autonomous Systems
  Bayern, S. (2016). The Implications of Modern Business–Entity Law for the Regulation of Autonomous Systems. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 7(2), 297-309. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1867299X00005729

Liability and Tort

• Software Tort: Evaluating Software Harm by Duty of Function and Form
  Ballman, D. R. (1996). Software tort: Evaluating software harm by duty of function and form. Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 3(2), 417-476.
  heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/conilj3&div=17&id=&page=&collection=journals
• Remedies for Robots
  Lemley, Mark A. and Casey, Bryan, Remedies for Robots (July 31, 2018). University of Chicago Law Review, 2019; Stanford Law and Economics Olin Working Paper No. 523. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3223621
• Open Robotics
  Calo, R. (2011). Open robotics. Maryland Law Review, 70(3), 571-613.
  https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1706293
• Machines without Principals: Liability Rules and Artificial Intelligence
  Vladeck, D. C. (2014). Machines without principals: Liability rules and artificial intelligence. Washington Law Review, 89(1), 117-150.
  http://euro.ecom.cmu.edu/program/law/08-732/AI/Vladeck.pdf
• Can Computers Make Contracts?
  Allen, T.; Widdison, R. (1996). Can computers make contracts. Harvard Journal of Law Technology 9(1), 25-52.
  http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v09/09HarvJLTech025.pdf